Over the past year, some of us at Digium have spent many (MANY) hours working on FAX support in Asterisk (even though we’d all prefer to see FAX go away as the obsolete technology that it should be <G>). Some of this work was part of our release of our commercial FAX for Asterisk product, some of it was driven by our desires to have solid FAX support in our commercial PBX products, but most of it was driven by the need to get open source Asterisk (and its community of users) able to use FAX reliably with as many non-Asterisk endpoints as possible.

In Asterisk 1.4 and prior releases, there was limited support for FAX of any kind; Asterisk 1.4 can pass through T.38 sessions on SIP channels, but that’s all. With an open source addon (based on Steve Underwood’s excellent spandsp library), it can have dialplan applications to send and receive FAX over audio (G.711 TDM) links.
During the development of Asterisk 1.6.0, Steve’s FAX dialplan applications were merged into asterisk-addons, and then directly into the Asterisk source tree, where they became the ‘app_fax’ module. In addition, the T.38 negotiation process was redesigned to allow Asterisk applications to actually be T.38 endpoints; this resulted in the ability to send and receive FAX over audio *and* T.38 links.

Once this got into the community’s hands, we started seeing large numbers of bug reports because users could not successfully FAX over T.38 with various ATAs and service providers.  I won’t go into the gory details of why this was the case, except to repeat a recent quote from Steve himself on IRC: “The T.38 spec was written after a night of heavy drinking as a joke.”. While that’s not technically true, it is true that compliance with the T.38 recommendation, primarily in the SIP/SDP negotiations area, is very poor across the industry. Producing a T.38 endpoint that interoperates widely is a complex and difficult process, that can only be achieved through hours and hours (and hours) of testing.

As these problem reports got more severe, we took a significant step: we rewrote the T.38 negotiation mechanisms in Asterisk *again*. These changes first appeared in the 1.6.0.14 and 1.6.1.5 releases. The in-tree app_fax application was updated to support these changes along with them, so open source FAX users got the benefits of these changes immediately… and the result has been wonderful. We get very few T.38 negotiation-related bug reports now, and in nearly every case we can point to a misconfiguration or severely broken far endpoint that is the cause of the problem. For many, many people, FAX over T.38 in Asterisk 1.6.0 and 1.6.1 ‘just works’ now.

While all of this was going on, Digium was also working on our commercial Fax for Asterisk product, which provides comparable functionality to app_fax, but uses a commercial FAX stack. When we began the development of this product, we knew that we wanted as many portions of it as possible to end up open source, so rather than build it as a monolithic module, we built two modules: res_fax and res_fax_digium. res_fax is similar to app_fax, in that it provides dialplan applications, dialplan functions, and other associated components to send and receive FAX. However, it does not actually include any FAX stack; for that, it provides a plugin interface that allows one (or more) additional modules to be loaded to actually provide the FAX technology implementation. It *does* handle all T.38 negotiations, however, using the 3rd generation T.38 implementation in Asterisk.

Of course, res_fax_digium is Digium’s commercial plugin module for res_fax, and we have been delivering the combination of those two modules to our Fax For Asterisk customers for quite a few months now. (Unfortunately it has taken longer to get these modules updated to match Asterisk’s T.38 API than we would have liked, but that’s not important for open source users). Recently, with a final set of changes to the UDPTL stack in Asterisk, we’ve reached the point where we think we’ve implemented all the parts of the T.38 recommendation that we can implement, in as compatible and interoperable a way as we can, with a few configuration options that provide the ability to override broken behavior by far endpoints when necessary. In fact, the combination of the very most recent Asterisk open source releases and either app_fax or res_fax+res_fax_digium now successfully interoperates with quite a few T.38 ATAs we have in our lab and a couple of service providers, and we’re testing more of both as I write this. In nearly every case, this works *without* requiring any configuration changes in Asterisk or the FAX applications, which is good news for end users indeed. We’ve even extended (and fixed) the ‘faxdetect’ functionality in chan_sip so that it works as users expect it to, in a similar way to the faxdetect feature in chan_dahdi.

Now that this point has been reached, it’s time for us to act on our plan to open source res_fax; to that end, I’ve created a new branch in Subversion (/svn/asterisk/team/group/res_fax) based on Asterisk trunk, and merged the most recent version of res_fax into it, updating it to compile against trunk’s recent API changes. By the time Asterisk 1.8 is released, res_fax will *replace* app_fax, as it provides the identical dialplan applications (same names, options and operations), but has additional features and compatibility functionality. To achieve this, though, we’re going to need a res_fax_spandsp plugin module, so that the combination of res_fax + res_fax_spandsp provides the same functionality as app_fax did, and it will be a seamless transition for Asterisk 1.6.x FAX users to move to Asterisk 1.8 when they are ready. We’ve tasked one of our developers to start working on this over the next few weeks, and I’m sure you’ll see some initial steps toward that end shortly. For those of you who have contributed improvements to app_fax and use it heavily (or even those who just use it and can provide testing), I’d encourage you to post a comment in the thread on the asterisk-dev mailing list if you are interested and willing to assist in this effort.

Now, on to even more interesting stuff: as I’ve worked on this over the past 6-8 months, I’ve also spent time finally trying to understand how best to fit TDM-T.38 FAX relay into Asterisk. I know that there are number of community developers who have been working on this, and there are multiple patches in the issue tracker that provide this functionality in various forms. There was also an attempt by Daniel Ferenci to start a discussion on the asterisk-dev list about the best long-term approach for relay support, but he didn’t really get any responses.

Once res_fax and res_fax_spandsp are ready for users to use, it’ll be time for them to be extended to support FAX relay as well. I would like to propose that this be implemented by res_fax providing a new API, a ‘FAX relay session’, that a channel driver (one which services TDM channels) can use to offer T.38 support to the rest of Asterisk, as if it supported T.38 natively. We can start a separate discussion on the list to talk about particulars, but I believe this is the cleanest approach with the least impact on existing code in Asterisk, and I’d like to get opinions from other interested parties and discussion going.

In summary, it appears that Asterisk 1.6.x has achieved pretty solid FAX support (especially over T.38), and that with Asterisk 1.8 we’ll be able to improve it further and begin moving towards FAX relay support as well. For all of you who still insist on using this obsolete technology <G>, I hope this has provided what you need to be able to keep using Asterisk
in every place that it makes sense in your networks!